The kidneys are among the most important organs of our body. They are responsible for the important function of getting rid of the waste material produced from food or by body metabolism, and for controlling the volume and composition of body fluids. Diseases affecting the kidneys usually derange the above functions of the kidneys.
Kidney Diseases can be broadly classified into 'inflammatory' and 'degenerative'. There are many kidney diseases, which tend to manifest in a similar manner, and eventually lead to kidney failure. It is absolutely essential to act immediately, because once renal failure starts, it is very difficult to reverse the damage.
Allopathic treatments for Kidney Disease include Diuretics such as Hydrochlorothiazide, Furesemide and Spironalactone. However these Allopathic treatments do not cure Kidney Disease. They are merely a way of suppressing symptoms.
Types of Kidney Disease
Kidney Diseases can be broadly classified into 2 types, depending on the changes occurring in the kidneys.
1) Inflammatory changes - Acute Nephritic Syndrome, glomerulonephritis which is further subdivided into various types.
2) Degenerative changes - Nephrotic Syndrome, hydronephrosis, diabetic nephropathy, hypertensive nephropathy.
Causes of Kidney Disease
The two main risk factors for kidney disease are diabetes and hypertension.
Diabetes mellitus causes a condition called diabetic nephropathy and accounts for about 35% of all cases of chronic kidney disease. High blood sugar levels cause certain changes in the blood vessels that gradually reduce the function of the kidneys.
Hypertension causes another 30% of all cases of kidney disease. High blood pressure means that the force of blood against the artery walls increases, which may further damage kidney function along with other medical conditions.
Glomerulonephritis is the third most common cause of chronic kidney disease. Glomerulonephritis is a disease that causes inflammation of the filtering structures (glomeruli) inside the kidneys, impairing their ability to remove waste products from the blood, which can cause kidney failure.
Renal calculi, an enlarged prostate or cancers may also cause kidney disease.
One of the most recently found causes of kidney disease is the increasing use of pain killers, analgesics and antibiotics. Medications like acetaminophen (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil), voveran, penicillin and its derivatives used regularly over a long period can cause analgesic nephropathy.
There are certain hereditary disorders and rare causes such as polycystic kidney disease, Alport's syndrome, hereditary nephritis which can cause kidney diseases.
Other risk factors: Generally, men have a higher risk of developing chronic kidney disease than women. A strong family history of diabetes or high blood pressure, the major causes of chronic kidney disease is found in most cases of kidney failure.
Symptoms of Kidney Disease
The following are symptoms based on the underlying pathology:
Acute Nephritic Syndrome: It is an acute inflammation of the basic structure of the kidneys i.e. glomerulus. The onset of this disease is sudden. There may be a history of acute respiratory tract infection a week or two before its onset.
1) Haematuria (blood in urine), usually in the form of smoky urine, is often the first symptom.
2) Early morning puffiness of the face is observed in the patient by family members.
3) Oligouria (decreased urine volume) may be present.
4) Edema (swelling) of the feet may occur.
5) Occasionally, there may be backache or malaise.
6) Hypertension (increased blood pressure) is present, but is usually mild.
Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (RPGN): The term RPGN is applied to a clinical syndrome (set of symptoms) in which renal function deteriorates over a period of days or weeks.
1) Fever, malaise and weakness are prominent symptoms.
2) Arthralgia (pain in joints), abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting are common.
3) Edema is not always present.
4) Oligouria is severe.
5) Haematuria.
6) In some patients, cough & haemoptysis (blood in sputum) may be present.
7) Hypertension is uncommon.
Nephrotic Syndrome: It is a metabolic disorder associated with functional impairment and degeneration of kidney tissue.
1) Edema is the main feature of this disorder.
2) Hypoproteinaemia (decreased protein in blood) due to severe and prolonged proteinuria.
3) Blood volume is low, and therefore, so is the blood pressure.
4) Hypertension may be occasionally present.
5) Atherosclerosis (deposition of fat in blood vessels) due to sustained hyperlipoproteinaemia.
6) Renal vein thrombosis is seen in children.
7) Sudden pain in abdomen.
8) Haematuria.
9) Reduction in urine volume.
Diagnosis of Kidney Disease
Most patients who suffer from chronic kidney disease do not have symptoms of the disease until kidney function has reduced to a very poor level. Only laboratory tests can detect any developing problems.
People who are susceptible to chronic kidney disease should be routinely screened for development of kidney disease, especially people who are diabetics and hypertensives.
Edema (swelling) and early morning puffiness of the face are the most common symptoms that the patients visit the doctor for. Other symptoms are hazy urine, change in the volume of urine with occasional backache or pain in the abdomen.
A thorough routine and microscopic examination of the urine reveals any abnormality with the kidneys.
Urine examination shows proteinuria (presence of protein in urine) especially albumin & haematuria i.e. red blood cells in nephritic syndrome.
In Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (RPGN), urine examination shows red blood cells & red blood cell casts.
Blood urea, nitrogen and serum creatinine levels are the most important indicators of how healthy the kidneys are. These levels in the blood rise as kidney function worsens.
Serum electrolyte levels should be estimated since the acid base balance of the blood is maintained by the kidneys. Kidney dysfunction causes imbalances in electrolytes, especially potassium, phosphorus and calcium.
Blood counts show reduced hemoglobin levels and increased white blood cells.
Ultrasound scan is a non-invasive test that is often used in the diagnosis of kidney disease. It is used to diagnose strictures, stones, hydronephrosis and changes in kidney tissue.
If the disease has progressed into chronic stage, then, renal biopsy is indicated.
Treatment of Kidney Disease
Conventional Therapy
One of the most important aspects in the treatment for kidney disease is to control the underlying cause.
Factors like diabetes or high blood-pressure should be treated aggressively to help slow additional damage to the patient's kidneys.
Treatment of Acute Nephritic Syndrome:
Diuretics such as Hydrochlorothiazide, Furesemide and Spironalactone are used if there is fluid overload in the body. Their side-effects include weakness, muscle cramps, impotence, pancreatitis, ototoxicity and gynaecomastia.
The disease is self-limiting but blood chemistry should be assessed from time to time, to make sure that renal (kidney) failure does not progress to dangerous levels.
Treatment of Rapidly Progressive Glomerutonephritis (RPGN):
The most important procedure is plasma exchange. This is usually combined with drugs like prednisolone and cyclophosphamide. Long-term side-effects are osteoporosis, peptic ulcers and certain metabolic problems. Prednisolone (especially in high dosage) can have unpredictable effects on mood and behavior. Sometimes, patients require dialysis if they do not respond to oral medication.
Treatment of Nephrotic Syndrome:
1) Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors e.g. Captopril, Enalapril, Ramipril, etc. Their side-effects include dry cough, hypotension, angioneurotic edema, glomerulopathy and leucopoenia.
2) Lovastatin for Hyperlipidaemia - Its side-effects include a lack of energy, flu-like symptoms, swelling of the face, throat, tongue, lips, eyes, hands, feet, ankles or legs.
3) Anticoagulants like Warfarin for renal vein thrombosis. The two most serious side-effects of Warfarin are bleeding and necrosis.
4) Use of diuretics for edema, like Captopril, Enalapril, Ramipril, etc. Their side-effects include dry cough, hypotension, angioneurotic edema, glomerulopathy and leucopoenia.
Biogetica Therapy
Our kidneys are among the most important organs of our body, because they are responsible for purifying our blood and getting rid of waste material and toxins.* Biogetica's unique approach of amalgamating natural dietary supplements along with advanced resonance homeopathic sarcodes aims at supporting normal renal structure and function.
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